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suitable for developing

  • 1 thus materials showing RSA become more opaque on exposure to light of suitable wavelength and this property can be exploited for developing optical limiters required to protect eye and others sensors from intensive laser pulses

    Общая лексика: таким образом, матери

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > thus materials showing RSA become more opaque on exposure to light of suitable wavelength and this property can be exploited for developing optical limiters required to protect eye and others sensors from intensive laser pulses

  • 2 apto

    adj.
    1 apt, able, capable, competent.
    2 able-bodied, apt.
    * * *
    1 (apropiado) suitable, appropriate
    2 (capaz) capable, able
    \
    apto,-a para todos los públicos CINEMATOGRAFÍA U-certificate film, US rated G
    no apto,-a CINEMATOGRAFÍA for adults only
    * * *
    (f. - apta)
    adj.
    fit, suitable
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=idóneo) suitable ( para for, to)
    fit ( para for, to)

    apto (para menores) — (Cine) suitable for children

    no apto (para menores) — (Cine) unsuitable for children

    apto para el servicio — (Mil) fit for military service

    2) (=hábil) competent, capable
    3) (Escol) pass antes de s
    * * *
    - ta adjetivo
    a) [ser] <libro/película>
    b) < persona>
    * * *
    = apt.
    Ex. By building upon a more apt conceptual framework the transfer of information technology can play a role, albeit limited, in the development process.
    ----
    * apto para circular = roadworthy.
    * apto para mayores de 13 años o menores acompañados = PG-13.
    * condición de estar apto para volar = airworthiness.
    * poco apto = inapt.
    * * *
    - ta adjetivo
    a) [ser] <libro/película>
    b) < persona>
    * * *
    = apt.

    Ex: By building upon a more apt conceptual framework the transfer of information technology can play a role, albeit limited, in the development process.

    * apto para circular = roadworthy.
    * apto para mayores de 13 años o menores acompañados = PG-13.
    * condición de estar apto para volar = airworthiness.
    * poco apto = inapt.

    * * *
    apto -ta
    1 ‹libro/película› suitable ser apto PARA algo to be suitable FOR sth
    unos embutidos no aptos para el consumo sausages not fit for consumption
    2 ‹persona› apto PARA algo fit FOR sth
    no es una persona apta para ejercer esta profesión he is not fit to practice this profession
    apto para el servicio militar fit for military service
    no se le considera apto para el cargo he's not considered to be suitable o right for the job
    * * *

    apto
    ◊ -ta adjetivo [ser] apto para algo suitable for sth;

    no es apto para el cargo he's not suitable o right for the job;
    apto para el servicio militar fit for military service;
    no apto para el consumo not fit for consumption
    apto,-a adjetivo
    1 (adecuado) suitable, appropriate [para, for]
    2 (capacitado) capable, able

    ' apto' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    apta
    - inhábil
    - prestar
    English:
    eligible
    - fit
    - internal
    - roadworthy
    - suitable
    - unfit
    - unsafe
    - unseaworthy
    - unsuitable
    - unsuited
    - road
    * * *
    apto, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [adecuado, conveniente] suitable ( para for);
    apta/no apta para menores [película] suitable/unsuitable for children;
    apta para todos los públicos o CSur [m5] todo público [película] Br ≈ U, US ≈ G;
    apto para el consumo humano fit for human consumption
    2. [capacitado] [físicamente] fit;
    lo declararon no apto para el servicio militar he was declared unfit for military service;
    no es apto para ocupar un puesto directivo he's not suited to a managerial position
    3. [candidato]
    los alumnos declarados aptos/no aptos students who have passed/failed
    ♦ nm
    pass;
    saqué un apto/no apto I passed/failed
    * * *
    adj
    1 suitable ( para for);
    apto para menores película suitable for under-age children;
    apto para todos los públicos G (general audiences), Br universal
    3 EDU pass
    * * *
    apto, -ta adj
    1) : suitable, suited, fit
    2) hábil: capable, competent
    * * *
    apto adj suitable

    Spanish-English dictionary > apto

  • 3 impreciso

    adj.
    1 imprecise, indefinite, uncertain, loose.
    2 blurred.
    3 clumsy, uncoordinated, unco-ordinated.
    * * *
    1 imprecise, vague
    * * *
    ADJ imprecise, vague
    * * *
    - sa adjetivo vague, imprecise
    * * *
    = fuzzy [fuzzier - comp., fuzziest -sup.], nebulous, non-crisp, vague [vaguer -comp., vaguest -sup.], imprecise, loose [looser -comp., loosest -sup.], wooly [woolier -comp., wooliest -sup.].
    Ex. This is a rather fuzzy basis for establishing subject headings, but fuzziness is not the guidelines only fault.
    Ex. The concept of such a center remained nebulous at best, and we later learned that communication problems early on had muddied the message about what was really needed.
    Ex. The database model presented in this article is suitable for applications in which queries may require noncrisp references to certain attributes.
    Ex. Some of the terms are vague.
    Ex. The colon is the most widely used of the synthetic devices, but is an imprecise weapon which may have several different meanings.
    Ex. Kast points out that there is a 'rather loose, conglomeration of interests and approaches' in this developing field.
    Ex. On the other side, some aspects of the planning study remains wooly.
    ----
    * conjunto impreciso = imprecise set.
    * de un modo impreciso = fuzzily.
    * término impreciso = fuzzy term.
    * * *
    - sa adjetivo vague, imprecise
    * * *
    = fuzzy [fuzzier - comp., fuzziest -sup.], nebulous, non-crisp, vague [vaguer -comp., vaguest -sup.], imprecise, loose [looser -comp., loosest -sup.], wooly [woolier -comp., wooliest -sup.].

    Ex: This is a rather fuzzy basis for establishing subject headings, but fuzziness is not the guidelines only fault.

    Ex: The concept of such a center remained nebulous at best, and we later learned that communication problems early on had muddied the message about what was really needed.
    Ex: The database model presented in this article is suitable for applications in which queries may require noncrisp references to certain attributes.
    Ex: Some of the terms are vague.
    Ex: The colon is the most widely used of the synthetic devices, but is an imprecise weapon which may have several different meanings.
    Ex: Kast points out that there is a 'rather loose, conglomeration of interests and approaches' in this developing field.
    Ex: On the other side, some aspects of the planning study remains wooly.
    * conjunto impreciso = imprecise set.
    * de un modo impreciso = fuzzily.
    * término impreciso = fuzzy term.

    * * *
    vague, imprecise
    un número impreciso de personas an indeterminate number of people
    * * *

    impreciso
    ◊ -sa adjetivo

    vague, imprecise;
    un número impreciso de personas an indeterminate number of people
    impreciso,-a adjetivo imprecise, vague

    ' impreciso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    imprecisa
    - vaguedad
    - indeterminado
    English:
    imprecise
    - inaccurate
    - vague
    - woolly
    - wooly
    - shadowy
    * * *
    impreciso, -a adj
    imprecise, vague
    * * *
    adj imprecise
    * * *
    impreciso, -sa adj
    1) : imprecise, vague
    2) : inaccurate
    * * *
    impreciso adj imprecise / inaccurate

    Spanish-English dictionary > impreciso

  • 4 baño

    m.
    1 restroom, rest room, bathroom, loo.
    2 bath, shower, wash.
    3 coating, plating.
    4 icing, coating, frosting.
    5 swim.
    6 bathing, showering, cleansing, tubbing.
    7 balneum.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: bañar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) bath; (en piscina, mar) dip, swim
    2 (cuarto) bathroom; (servicio) toilet
    3 (bañera) bath, bathtub
    4 (capa) coat, coating; (de oro etc) plating
    \
    baño de María→ link=bañobaño María
    baño de pie footbath
    baño de sangre bloodbath
    baño de vapor steam bath
    baño María bain-marie
    baño turco Turkish bath
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) bath, swim
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=bañera) bath, bathtub

    cuarto de baño — bathroom; (=aseo) toilet, bathroom ( esp EEUU)

    2) (=acción) [en bañera] bath; [en el mar, piscina] swim

    darse o tomar un baño — [en bañera] to have o take a bath; [en mar, piscina] to have a swim, go for a swim

    baño de burbujas — foam bath, bubble bath

    baño de espuma — foam bath, bubble bath

    baño de masas, baño de multitudes — walkabout

    darse un baño de masas o multitudes — to go on a walkabout, mingle with the crowd

    baño de sol, darse o tomar un baño de sol — to sunbathe

    baño ruso — Cono Sur steam bath

    3) (Culin)

    le he dado un baño de chocolate al pastel — I've covered the cake with chocolate icing, I've iced the cake with chocolate

    4) [de oro, plata] plating; [de pintura] coat
    5) (Arte) wash
    6) pl baños (Med) spa sing

    ir a baños — † to take the waters †, bathe at a spa (EEUU)

    7) (=paliza)

    darle un baño a algn — * to thrash sb *, wipe the floor with sb *

    8) Caribe (=lugar) cool place
    * * *
    1) ( en bañera) bath; (en mar, río) swim

    ¿nos damos un baño en la piscina? — shall we go for a swim in the pool?

    2)
    a) ( cuarto de baño) bathroom
    b) ( bañera) bath
    c) (esp AmL) ( wáter) ( en casa privada) bathroom (AmE), lavatory o toilet (BrE), loo (BrE colloq); ( en edificio público) restroom (AmE), toilet (BrE); (- de señoras) ladies; (- de caballeros) men's room (AmE), gents (BrE)
    3)
    a) ( de metal) plating
    b) (Coc) coating
    * * *
    = washroom, restroom [rest room], bathtub, bath, bathing, swim.
    Ex. The library office is in the basement, 'downstairs' as it is euphemistically referred to, along with a staff lounge, the washrooms, heating equipment, and electrical and janitor's closets.
    Ex. Airport restrooms have become popular meeting places for men looking for sexual trysts with other men.
    Ex. The article 'The beast in the bathtub, and other archival laments' stresses the importance for bibliographers and historians of printing of printed items in archives and manuscript collections.
    Ex. The author explains how finding needed data on the Web can be like paddling round in a bath of milk.
    Ex. Bathing & washing clothes in the river are perceived as pleasurable & traditional social activities.
    Ex. The picture portrays a mother and daughter drying off after a swim.
    ----
    * accesorios de baño = bathroom accessories, bathroom fittings.
    * armario de baño = bathroom cabinet.
    * armario de cuarto de baño = bathroom cabinet.
    * asiento de baño = toilet seat.
    * baño de arena = sand bath.
    * baño de azúcar glaseado = glacé icing.
    * baño de barro = mud bath.
    * baño de chocolate = chocolate icing.
    * baño de fuego = baptism of fire.
    * baño de lodo = mud bath.
    * baño de pies = footbath.
    * baño de sangre = bloodbath [blood bath].
    * baño de vapor = steam bath.
    * baños de agua caliente = hot springs.
    * báscula de baño = bathroom scales.
    * bata de baño = bathrobe.
    * bolsa de baño = toiletry bag, sponge bag.
    * cocer al baño María = steam.
    * cocinar al baño María = steam.
    * con baño = en suite, en-suite bathroom, en-suite bath, en-suite facilities.
    * cuarto de baño = bathroom.
    * darse un baño de sol = sunbathe.
    * descanso para ir al baño = bathroom break.
    * enseñado a pedir el baño = toilet-trained.
    * peso de baño = bathroom scales.
    * ropa de baño = swimwear, togs.
    * sales de baño = bath salts.
    * traje de baño = bathing suit, swimming costume, swimsuit, swimming suit, bathing dress.
    * * *
    1) ( en bañera) bath; (en mar, río) swim

    ¿nos damos un baño en la piscina? — shall we go for a swim in the pool?

    2)
    a) ( cuarto de baño) bathroom
    b) ( bañera) bath
    c) (esp AmL) ( wáter) ( en casa privada) bathroom (AmE), lavatory o toilet (BrE), loo (BrE colloq); ( en edificio público) restroom (AmE), toilet (BrE); (- de señoras) ladies; (- de caballeros) men's room (AmE), gents (BrE)
    3)
    a) ( de metal) plating
    b) (Coc) coating
    * * *
    = washroom, restroom [rest room], bathtub, bath, bathing, swim.

    Ex: The library office is in the basement, 'downstairs' as it is euphemistically referred to, along with a staff lounge, the washrooms, heating equipment, and electrical and janitor's closets.

    Ex: Airport restrooms have become popular meeting places for men looking for sexual trysts with other men.
    Ex: The article 'The beast in the bathtub, and other archival laments' stresses the importance for bibliographers and historians of printing of printed items in archives and manuscript collections.
    Ex: The author explains how finding needed data on the Web can be like paddling round in a bath of milk.
    Ex: Bathing & washing clothes in the river are perceived as pleasurable & traditional social activities.
    Ex: The picture portrays a mother and daughter drying off after a swim.
    * accesorios de baño = bathroom accessories, bathroom fittings.
    * armario de baño = bathroom cabinet.
    * armario de cuarto de baño = bathroom cabinet.
    * asiento de baño = toilet seat.
    * baño de arena = sand bath.
    * baño de azúcar glaseado = glacé icing.
    * baño de barro = mud bath.
    * baño de chocolate = chocolate icing.
    * baño de fuego = baptism of fire.
    * baño de lodo = mud bath.
    * baño de pies = footbath.
    * baño de sangre = bloodbath [blood bath].
    * baño de vapor = steam bath.
    * baños de agua caliente = hot springs.
    * báscula de baño = bathroom scales.
    * bata de baño = bathrobe.
    * bolsa de baño = toiletry bag, sponge bag.
    * cocer al baño María = steam.
    * cocinar al baño María = steam.
    * con baño = en suite, en-suite bathroom, en-suite bath, en-suite facilities.
    * cuarto de baño = bathroom.
    * darse un baño de sol = sunbathe.
    * descanso para ir al baño = bathroom break.
    * enseñado a pedir el baño = toilet-trained.
    * peso de baño = bathroom scales.
    * ropa de baño = swimwear, togs.
    * sales de baño = bath salts.
    * traje de baño = bathing suit, swimming costume, swimsuit, swimming suit, bathing dress.

    * * *
    Con referencia al cuarto de aseo de una casa particular, el inglés americano emplea normalmente bathroom. El inglés británico emplea toilet, lavatory o (coloquialmente) loo. Cuando se habla de los servicios de un edificio público, el inglés americano utiliza washroom, rest room, men's room o ladies' room. El inglés británico emplea the Gents, the ladies, o the toilets. En la calle y en los parques públicos se emplea public toilets, o en inglés británico más formal public conveniences
    A (en la bañera) bath; (en el mar, río) swim
    ¿vienes a darte un baño en la piscina? are you coming for a swim in the pool?
    me desperté en un baño de sudor I woke up bathed o covered in sweat
    darle un baño a algn ( fam); to wipe the floor with sb ( colloq)
    Compuestos:
    hip bath
    le recetaron baños de mar he was told to bathe in the sea o in sea water
    calentar al baño (de) María heat in a double boiler o in a bain-marie
    eyebath
    footbath
    bloodbath
    tomar baños de sol to sunbathe
    eyebath
    mpl medicinal baths (pl)
    mpl public baths (pl)
    mpl thermal baths (pl)
    Turkish bath
    el autobús era un baño turco it was like a sauna on the bus
    B
    2 (bañera) bath
    3
    ( esp AmL) (wáter): ¿dónde está el baño? (en una casa privada) where's the bathroom? ( AmE), where's the lavatory o toilet? ( BrE), where's the loo? ( BrE colloq) (en un edificio público — de señoras) where's the rest room ( AmE) o ( BrE) toilet?, where's the ladies?; (— de caballeros) where's the rest room ( AmE) o ( BrE) toilet?, where's the men's room ( AmE) o ( BrE) gents?
    ¿has ido al baño? have you been to the bathroom ( AmE) o ( BrE) toilet?
    Compuesto:
    ( AmL) public toilet, public convenience ( BrE frml)
    C
    1 (de metal) plating
    esta pulsera tiene un baño de oro this bracelet is gold-plated
    2 ( Coc) coating
    un baño de chocolate/limón a chocolate/lemon coating
    * * *

     

    Del verbo bañar: ( conjugate bañar)

    baño es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    bañó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    bañar    
    baño
    bañar ( conjugate bañar) verbo transitivo
    1 ‹niño/enfermo› to bath, give … a bath
    2 ‹pulsera/cubierto› to plate
    bañarse verbo pronominal ( refl)
    a) ( en bañera) to have o take a bath, to bathe (AmE)

    b) (en mar, río) to swim, bathe

    baño sustantivo masculino
    ◊ Nota:

    Con referencia al cuarto de baño de una casa particular, el inglés americano emplea normalmente bathroom. El inglés británico emplea toilet, lavatory o (coloquialmente) loo. Cuando se habla de los servicios de un edificio público, el inglés americano utiliza washroom, restroom, men's room o ladies' room. El inglés británico emplea the Gents, the ladies, o the toilets. En la calle y en los parques públicos se emplea public toilets, o en inglés británico más formal, public conveniences.
    1 ( en bañera) bath;
    (en mar, río) swim;
    ◊ darse un baño to have a bath/to go for a swim;

    baño de sangre bloodbath;
    baños públicos public baths (pl);
    baño turco Turkish bath
    2

    b) (esp AmL) ( en casa privada) bathroom (AmE), toilet (BrE);

    ( en edificio público) restroom (AmE), toilet (BrE);

    3 ( de metal) plating
    bañar verbo transitivo
    1 (en agua) to bath
    2 (cubrir) to coat, cover: tienes que bañar en oro esa pulsera, you have to goldplate that bracelet
    3 (una costa, una comarca) to bathe: Mallorca es una isla bañada por el Mediterráneo, Mallorca is surrounded by the Mediterranean
    baño sustantivo masculino
    1 bath
    tomar o darse un baño, to have o take a bath: voy a darme un baño, I'm going to have a bath
    darse un baño de sol, to sunbathe, tomar baños de lodo, to have mud baths
    2 (cuarto de baño) bathroom
    (retrete) toilet
    3 (cobertura de un objeto) coat: mis pendientes tienen un baño de plata, my earrings are silver-plated
    (de un alimento) coating, covering 4 baño María, bain marie, a double saucepan ♦ LOC figurado aquello fue un baño de sangre, that was a bloodbath
    fig fam (ganar/perder estrepitosamente) dar un baño: en el partido de ayer nos dieron/les dimos un baño, they thrashed us/we thrashed them in the match yesterday
    ' baño' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aseo
    - caseta
    - chapuzón
    - cisterna
    - comunicarse
    - cuarta
    - cuarto
    - desvestirse
    - escobilla
    - eternizarse
    - lavabo
    - lechada
    - plateada
    - plateado
    - retrete
    - sal
    - sentar
    - servicio
    - tibia
    - tibio
    - traje
    - turca
    - turco
    - accesorio
    - alfombrilla
    - armario
    - arriba
    - artefacto
    - báscula
    - casitas
    - desocupado
    - encerrado
    - espuma
    - gabinete
    - gorro
    - maillot
    - malla
    - mobiliario
    - pileta
    - reconfortante
    - relajante
    - sanitario
    - vestido
    - zambullida
    English:
    basin
    - bath
    - bath towel
    - bathing
    - bathroom
    - bloodbath
    - bubble bath
    - cloakroom
    - coating
    - dip
    - disinfectant
    - douse
    - fitting
    - lavatory
    - loo
    - modernize
    - orgy
    - private
    - refreshing
    - run
    - self-contained
    - stop
    - swim
    - swimming cap
    - swimming costume
    - swimsuit
    - swimwear
    - take
    - toilet
    - bathing suit
    - bed
    - bubble
    - cap
    - costume
    - could
    - fixture
    - frosting
    - john
    - ladies'
    - men
    - off
    - rest
    - scale
    - self
    - silver
    - steam
    - swimming
    - trunk
    - Turkish
    - use
    * * *
    baño nm
    1. [acción] [en bañera] bath;
    [en playa, piscina] swim;
    darse un baño [en bañera] to have o take a bath;
    [en playa, piscina] to go for a swim; Esp Fam
    dar un baño a alguien to take sb to the cleaners
    baño de asiento hip bath;
    baño de espuma bubble bath;
    baño (de) María bain-marie;
    calentar algo al baño (de) María to heat sth in a bain-marie;
    Fig baño de sangre bloodbath;
    baño de sol: [m5] tomar baños de sol to sunbathe;
    baño turco Turkish bath;
    baño de vapor steam bath
    2. [cuarto de aseo] bathroom;
    una casa con tres baños a three-bathroom house
    3. [servicios] Br toilet, US bathroom, washroom;
    necesito ir al baño I need to go to the Br toilet o US bathroom;
    ¿dónde está el baño? where's the Br toilet o US bathroom?
    Am baño público Br public toilet, US washroom
    4.
    baños [balneario] spa;
    tomar los baños to go to a spa
    baños termales thermal baths
    5. Am [ducha] shower;
    darse un baño to have a shower
    6. [bañera] bathtub, bath
    7. [vahos] inhalation
    8. [capa] coat;
    un reloj con un baño de oro a gold-plated watch
    * * *
    m
    1 en la bañera bath;
    de multitudes fig a huge crowd celebrated their victory
    2 en el mar swim
    3 esp L.Am.
    bathroom; ( ducha) shower
    4 TÉC plating
    5
    :
    baños pl spa sg
    * * *
    baño nm
    1) : bath
    2) : swim, dip
    3) : bathroom
    4)
    baño María : double-boiler
    * * *
    2. (en el mar, piscina) swim
    3. (cuarto de baño) bathroom

    Spanish-English dictionary > baño

  • 5 Eastman, George

    [br]
    b. 12 July 1854 Waterville, New York, USA
    d. 14 March 1932 Rochester, New York, USA
    [br]
    American industrialist and pioneer of popular photography.
    [br]
    The young Eastman was a clerk-bookkeeper in the Rochester Savings Bank when in 1877 he took up photography. Taking lessons in the wet-plate process, he became an enthusiastic amateur photographer. However, the cumbersome equipment and noxious chemicals used in the process proved an obstacle, as he said, "It seemed to be that one ought to be able to carry less than a pack-horse load." Then he came across an account of the new gelatine dry-plate process in the British Journal of Photography of March 1878. He experimented in coating glass plates with the new emulsions, and was soon so successful that he decided to go into commercial manufacture. He devised a machine to simplify the coating of the plates, and travelled to England in July 1879 to patent it. In April 1880 he prepared to begin manufacture in a rented building in Rochester, and contacted the leading American photographic supply house, E. \& H.T.Anthony, offering them an option as agents. A local whip manufacturer, Henry A.Strong, invested $1,000 in the enterprise and the Eastman Dry Plate Company was formed on 1 January 1881. Still working at the Savings Bank, he ran the business in his spare time, and demand grew for the quality product he was producing. The fledgling company survived a near disaster in 1882 when the quality of the emulsions dropped alarmingly. Eastman later discovered this was due to impurities in the gelatine used, and this led him to test all raw materials rigorously for quality. In 1884 the company became a corporation, the Eastman Dry Plate \& Film Company, and a new product was announced. Mindful of his desire to simplify photography, Eastman, with a camera maker, William H.Walker, designed a roll-holder in which the heavy glass plates were replaced by a roll of emulsion-coated paper. The holders were made in sizes suitable for most plate cameras. Eastman designed and patented a coating machine for the large-scale production of the paper film, bringing costs down dramatically, the roll-holders were acclaimed by photographers worldwide, and prizes and medals were awarded, but Eastman was still not satisfied. The next step was to incorporate the roll-holder in a smaller, hand-held camera. His first successful design was launched in June 1888: the Kodak camera. A small box camera, it held enough paper film for 100 circular exposures, and was bought ready-loaded. After the film had been exposed, the camera was returned to Eastman's factory, where the film was removed, processed and printed, and the camera reloaded. This developing and printing service was the most revolutionary part of his invention, since at that time photographers were expected to process their own photographs, which required access to a darkroom and appropriate chemicals. The Kodak camera put photography into the hands of the countless thousands who wanted photographs without complications. Eastman's marketing slogan neatly summed up the advantage: "You Press the Button, We Do the Rest." The Kodak camera was the last product in the design of which Eastman was personally involved. His company was growing rapidly, and he recruited the most talented scientists and technicians available. New products emerged regularly—notably the first commercially produced celluloid roll film for the Kodak cameras in July 1889; this material made possible the introduction of cinematography a few years later. Eastman's philosophy of simplifying photography and reducing its costs continued to influence products: for example, the introduction of the one dollar, or five shilling, Brownie camera in 1900, which put photography in the hands of almost everyone. Over the years the Eastman Kodak Company, as it now was, grew into a giant multinational corporation with manufacturing and marketing organizations throughout the world. Eastman continued to guide the company; he pursued an enlightened policy of employee welfare and profit sharing decades before this was common in industry. He made massive donations to many concerns, notably the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and supported schemes for the education of black people, dental welfare, calendar reform, music and many other causes, he withdrew from the day-to-day control of the company in 1925, and at last had time for recreation. On 14 March 1932, suffering from a painful terminal cancer and after tidying up his affairs, he shot himself through the heart, leaving a note: "To my friends: My work is done. Why wait?" Although Eastman's technical innovations were made mostly at the beginning of his career, the organization which he founded and guided in its formative years was responsible for many of the major advances in photography over the years.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    C.Ackerman, 1929, George Eastman, Cambridge, Mass.
    BC

    Biographical history of technology > Eastman, George

  • 6 Williams, Sir Frederic Calland

    [br]
    b. 26 June 1911 Stockport, Cheshire, England
    d. 11 August 1977 Prestbury, Cheshire, England
    [br]
    English electrical engineer who invented the Williams storage cathode ray tube, which was extensively used worldwide as a data memory in the first digital computers.
    [br]
    Following education at Stockport Grammar School, Williams entered Manchester University in 1929, gaining his BSc in 1932 and MSc in 1933. After a short time as a college apprentice with Metropolitan Vickers, he went to Magdalen College, Oxford, to study for a DPhil, which he was awarded in 1936. He returned to Manchester University that year as an assistant lecturer, gaining his DSc in 1939. Following the outbreak of the Second World War he worked for the Scientific Civil Service, initially at the Bawdsey Research Station and then at the Telecommunications Research Establishment at Malvern, Worcestershire. There he was involved in research on non-incandescent amplifiers and diode rectifiers and the development of the first practical radar system capable of identifying friendly aircraft. Later in the war, he devised an automatic radar system suitable for use by fighter aircraft.
    After the war he resumed his academic career at Manchester, becoming Professor of Electrical Engineering and Director of the University Electrotechnical Laboratory in 1946. In the same year he succeeded in developing a data-memory device based on the cathode ray tube, in which the information was stored and read by electron-beam scanning of a charge-retaining target. The Williams storage tube, as it became known, not only found obvious later use as a means of storing single-frame, still television images but proved to be a vital component of the pioneering Manchester University MkI digital computer. Because it enabled both data and program instructions to be stored in the computer, it was soon used worldwide in the development of the early stored-program computers.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1976. OBE 1945. CBE 1961. FRS 1950. Hon. DSc Durham 1964, Sussex 1971, Wales 1971. First Royal Society of Arts Benjamin Franklin Medal 1957. City of Philadelphia John Scott Award 1960. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1963. Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1972. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Pioneer Award 1973.
    Bibliography
    Williams contributed papers to many scientific journals, including Proceedings of the Royal Society, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Wireless Engineer, Post Office Electrical Engineers' Journal. Note especially: 1948, with J.Kilburn, "Electronic digital computers", Nature 162:487; 1949, with J.Kilburn, "A storage system for use with binary digital computing machines", Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 96:81; 1975, "Early computers at Manchester University", Radio \& Electronic Engineer 45:327. Williams also collaborated in the writing of vols 19 and 20 of the MIT Radiation
    Laboratory Series.
    Further Reading
    B.Randell, 1973, The Origins of Digital Computers, Berlin: Springer-Verlag. M.R.Williams, 1985, A History of Computing Technology, London: Prentice-Hall. See also: Stibitz, George R.; Strachey, Christopher.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Williams, Sir Frederic Calland

  • 7 Kurtz, Thomas E.

    [br]
    b. USA
    [br]
    American mathematician who, with Kemeny developed BASIC, a high-level computer language.
    [br]
    Kurtz took his first degree in mathematics at the University of California in Los Angeles (UCLA), where he also gained experience in numerical methods as a result of working in the National Bureau of Standards Institute for Numerical Analysis located on the campus. In 1956 he obtained a PhD in statistics at Princeton, after which he took up a post as an instructor at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire. There he found a considerable interest in computing was already in existence, and he was soon acting as the Dartmouth contact with the New England Regional Computer Center at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, an initiative partly supported by IBM. With Kemeny, he learned the Share Assembly Language then in use, but they were concerned about the difficulty of programming computers in assembly language and of teaching it to students and colleagues at Dartmouth. In 1959 the college obtained an LGP-30 computer and Kurtz became the first Director of the Dartmouth Computer Center. However, the small memory (4 k) of this 30-bit machine precluded its use with the recently available high-level language Algol 58. Therefore, with Kemeny, he set about developing a simple language and operating system that would use simple English commands and be easy to learn and use. This they called the Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC). At the same time they jointly supervised the design and development of a time-sharing system suitable for college use, so that by 1964, when Kurtz became an associate professor of mathematics, they had a fully operational BASIC system; by 1969 a sixth version was already in existence. In 1966 Kurtz left Dartmouth to become a Director of the Kiewit Computer Center, and then, in 1975, he became a Director of the Office of Academic Computing; in 1978 he returned to Dartmouth as Professor of Mathematics. He also served on various national committees.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1964, with J.G.Kemeny, BASIC Instruction Manual: Dartmouth College (for details of the development of BASIC etc.).
    1968, with J.G.Kemeny "Dartmouth time-sharing", Science 223.
    Further Reading
    R.L.Wexelblat, 1981, History of Programming Languages, London: Academic Press (a more general view of the development of computer languages).
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Kurtz, Thomas E.

  • 8 Cross, Charles Frederick

    [br]
    b. 11 December 1855 Brentwood, Middlesex, England
    d. 15 April 1935 Hove, England
    [br]
    English chemist who contributed to the development of viscose rayon from cellulose.
    [br]
    Cross was educated at the universities of London, Zurich and Manchester. It was at Owens College, Manchester, that Cross first met E.J. Bevan and where these two first worked together on the nature of cellulose. After gaining some industrial experience, Cross joined Bevan to set up a partnership in London as analytical and consulting chemists, specializing in the chemistry and technology of cellulose and lignin. They were at the Jodrell laboratory, Kew Gardens, for a time and then set up their own laboratory at Station Avenue, Kew Gardens. In 1888, the first edition of their joint publication A Textbook of Paper-making, appeared. It went into several editions and became the standard reference and textbook on the subject. The long introductory chapter is a discourse on cellulose.
    In 1892, Cross, Bevan and Clayton Beadle took out their historic patent on the solution and regeneration of cellulose. The modern artificial-fibre industry stems from this patent. They made their discovery at New Court, Carey Street, London: wood-pulp (or another cheap form of cellulose) was dissolved in a mixture of carbon disulphide and aqueous alkali to produce sodium xanthate. After maturing, it was squirted through fine holes into dilute acid, which set the liquid to give spinnable fibres of "viscose". However, it was many years before the process became a commercial operation, partly because the use of a natural raw material such as wood involved variations in chemical content and each batch might react differently. At first it was thought that viscose might be suitable for incandescent lamp filaments, and C.H.Stearn, a collaborator with Cross, continued to investigate this possibility, but the sheen on the fibres suggested that viscose might be made into artificial silk. The original Viscose Spinning Syndicate was formed in 1894 and a place was rented at Erith in Kent. However, it was not until some skeins of artificial silk (a term to which Cross himself objected) were displayed in Paris that textile manufacturers began to take an interest in it. It was then that Courtaulds decided to investigate this new fibre, although it was not until 1904 that they bought the English patents and developed the first artificial silk that was later called "rayon". Cross was also concerned with the development of viscose films and of cellulose acetate, which became a rival to rayon in the form of "Celanese". He retained his interest in the paper industry and in publishing, in 1895 again collaborating with Bevan and publishing a book on Cellulose and other technical articles. He was a cultured man and a good musician. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1917.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1917.
    Bibliography
    1888, with E.J.Bevan, A Text-book of Papermaking. 1892, British patent no. 8,700 (cellulose).
    Further Reading
    Obituary Notices of the Royal Society, 1935, London. Obituary, 1935, Journal of the Chemical Society 1,337. Chambers Concise Dictionary of Scientists, 1989, Cambridge.
    Edwin J.Beer, 1962–3, "The birth of viscose rayon", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 35 (an account of the problems of developing viscose rayon; Beer worked under Cross in the Kew laboratories).
    C.Singer (ed.), 1978, A History of Technology, Vol. VI, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Cross, Charles Frederick

  • 9 таким образом, матери

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > таким образом, матери

  • 10 F52.2

    рус Недостаточность генитальной реакции
    eng Failure of genital response. The principal problem in men is erectile dysfunction (difficulty in developing or maintaining an erection suitable for satisfactory intercourse). In women, the principal problem is vaginal dryness or failure of lubrication. Female sexual arousal disorder. Male erectile disorder. Psychogenic impotence. (Excludes: ) impotence of organic origin ( N48.4)

    Classification of Diseases (English-Russian) > F52.2

  • 11 retraso

    m.
    1 delay (demora).
    perdón por el retraso I'm sorry about the delay
    el vuelo ha sufrido un pequeño retraso the flight has been slightly delayed
    llegar con (15 minutos de) retraso to be (15 minutes) late
    los trenes circulan hoy con (una hora de) retraso trains are running (an hour) late today
    2 backwardness (subdesarrollo).
    llevar (siglos de) retraso to be (centuries) behind
    tener un retraso mental to be mentally retarded
    3 latency, delay.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: retrasar.
    * * *
    1 (demora) delay
    2 (subdesarrollo) backwardness, underdevelopment
    \
    ir con retraso to be running late
    llevar un año de retraso to be a year behind schedule
    retraso mental mental handicap, backwardness
    * * *
    noun m.
    2) lag
    * * *
    SM
    1) [al llegar] delay

    llegar con retraso — to be late, arrive late

    llegó con 25 minutos de retraso — he was o arrived 25 minutes late

    2) [en una actividad] delay

    el mitin comenzó con una hora de retraso — the rally began an hour late, the rally was delayed (by) an hour

    3) [en país, investigación] backwardness
    4)

    padece un leve retraso mental — he has mild learning difficulties, he's slightly retarded

    * * *
    a) ( demora) delay
    b) ( de país) backwardness
    c) (Psic)

    niños con retraso mental — mentally retarded o handicapped children

    * * *
    = deferment, delay, lag, retrogression, backwardness, lag time [lag-time].
    Ex. Bureaux can be useful for proving trials, and the deferment of commitments until a suitable size of data base has been accumulated in the computer system.
    Ex. If there are excessive delays in the record becoming available, and long delays become a common phenomenon, the librarian who is anxious to make new stock available for the user as soon as possible will resort to local cataloguing.
    Ex. If this periodical is normally received about the middle of the month, the lag is about 15 days.
    Ex. Some of the proposals brought forth in this connection represent not technological progress but rather ideological retrogression.
    Ex. Libraries in developing countries suffer from technological backwardness.
    Ex. This article covers ways in which producers of business information on-line have to increase the speed with which searchers can retrieve information, with particular emphasis on increased update frequencies and reduced lag times.
    ----
    * con retraso mental = mentally retarded.
    * ir con retraso con respecto a = lag + behind.
    * retraso del envío = delivery delay.
    * retraso mental = mental retardation.
    * sin retrasos = in a timely fashion, in a timely manner.
    * sufrir un retraso = encounter + delay.
    * * *
    a) ( demora) delay
    b) ( de país) backwardness
    c) (Psic)

    niños con retraso mental — mentally retarded o handicapped children

    * * *
    = deferment, delay, lag, retrogression, backwardness, lag time [lag-time].

    Ex: Bureaux can be useful for proving trials, and the deferment of commitments until a suitable size of data base has been accumulated in the computer system.

    Ex: If there are excessive delays in the record becoming available, and long delays become a common phenomenon, the librarian who is anxious to make new stock available for the user as soon as possible will resort to local cataloguing.
    Ex: If this periodical is normally received about the middle of the month, the lag is about 15 days.
    Ex: Some of the proposals brought forth in this connection represent not technological progress but rather ideological retrogression.
    Ex: Libraries in developing countries suffer from technological backwardness.
    Ex: This article covers ways in which producers of business information on-line have to increase the speed with which searchers can retrieve information, with particular emphasis on increased update frequencies and reduced lag times.
    * con retraso mental = mentally retarded.
    * ir con retraso con respecto a = lag + behind.
    * retraso del envío = delivery delay.
    * retraso mental = mental retardation.
    * sin retrasos = in a timely fashion, in a timely manner.
    * sufrir un retraso = encounter + delay.

    * * *
    1 (demora) delay
    perdona por el retraso I'm sorry about the delay, I'm sorry it's late
    viene con media hora de retraso it's (running) half an hour late
    llevamos or tenemos un retraso de dos meses sobre el programa previsto we're two months behind schedule
    no podemos permitir otro retraso en el proceso we cannot allow another delay to o hold-up in the process
    cualquier retraso en el pago/la entrega de los productos any delay in payment/delivery of the products
    2 (de un país) backwardness
    3 ( Psic):
    niños con retraso mental children with learning difficulties; (más grave) mentally retarded o handicapped children
    * * *

     

    Del verbo retrasar: ( conjugate retrasar)

    retraso es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    retrasó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    retrasar    
    retraso
    retrasar ( conjugate retrasar) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹ persona› to make … late;


    b) ‹producción/proceso› to delay, hold up;


    c) ‹partida/fecha› to postpone

    d) ‹ reloj› to put back

    retrasarse verbo pronominal

    b) [producción/trámite] to be delayed, be held up

    c) (en trabajo, estudios, pagos) to fall behind;



    retraso sustantivo masculino
    a) ( demora) delay;


    llevamos un retraso de dos meses sobre lo previsto we're two months behind schedule

    retrasar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (hacer que algo vaya más lento) to slow down: las obras retrasaron el tráfico, the road works held up the traffic
    2 (posponer) to delay, postpone: tendremos que retrasar las vacaciones, we will have to put off our holidays ➣ Ver nota en delay 3 (un reloj) to put back: retrasé el reloj una hora al llegar a Dublín, I put my clock back one hour when I arrived in Dublin
    retraso sustantivo masculino
    1 (en el tiempo) delay: llegó con retraso, he was late
    2 (con el trabajo, etc) behind schedule: llevamos dos meses de retraso, we are two months behind
    3 (en el desarrollo físico o mental) subnormality
    ' retraso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - ida
    - retrasarse
    - atraso
    - compensar
    - corriente
    - demora
    - impacientarse
    - llevar
    - pequeño
    - retrasar
    English:
    account
    - board
    - concoct
    - delay
    - excuse
    - experience
    - further
    - hold up
    - hold-up
    - late
    - retardation
    - schedule
    - takeoff
    - apologize
    - behind
    - handicap
    - hold
    - lag
    - slow
    * * *
    1. [demora] delay;
    el vuelo ha sufrido un pequeño retraso the flight has been slightly delayed;
    perdón por el retraso I'm sorry about the delay;
    llegar con (quince minutos de) retraso to be (fifteen minutes) late;
    los trenes circulan hoy con (una hora de) retraso trains are running (an hour) late today;
    el gobierno anunció el retraso de las elecciones the government announced that the elections were to be put back o postponed
    2. [por sobrepasar un límite]
    el proyecto lleva dos semanas de retraso the project is two weeks behind schedule;
    llevo en mi trabajo un retraso de veinte páginas I'm twenty pages behind with my work
    3. [subdesarrollo] backwardness;
    llevar (siglos de) retraso to be (centuries) behind
    4. retraso mental mental deficiency;
    tener un retraso mental to be mentally retarded
    * * *
    m delay;
    ir con retraso be late;
    llegar con retraso arrive late, be late o delayed;
    llevar retraso be late o delayed
    * * *
    1) atraso: delay, lateness
    2)
    retraso mental : mental retardation
    * * *
    retraso n delay

    Spanish-English dictionary > retraso

  • 12 Héroult, Paul Louis Toussaint

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1863 Thury-Harcourt, Caen, France
    d. 9 May 1914 Antibes, France
    [br]
    French metallurigst, inventor of the process of aluminium reduction by electrolysis.
    [br]
    Paul Héroult, the son of a tanner, at the age of 16, while still at school in Caen, read Deville's book on aluminium and became obsessed with the idea of developing a cheap way of producing this metal. After his family moved to Gentillysur-Bièvre he studied at the Ecole Sainte-Barbe in Paris and then returned to Caen to work in the laboratory of his father's tannery. His first patent, filed in February and granted on 23 April 1886, described an invention almost identical to that of C.M. Hall: "the electrolysis of alumina dissolved in molten cryolite into which the current is introduced through suitable electrodes. The cryolite is not consumed." Early in 1887 Héroult attempted to obtain the support of Alfred Rangod Pechiney, the proprietor of the works at Salindres where Deville's process for making sodium-reduced aluminium was still being operated. Pechiney persuaded Héroult to modify his electrolytic process by using a cathode of molten copper, thus making it possible produce aluminium bronze rather than pure aluminium. Héroult then approached the Swiss firm J.G.Nehe Söhne, ironmasters, whose works at the Falls of Schaffhausen obtained power from the Rhine. They were looking for a new metallurgical process requiring large quantities of cheap hydroelectric power and Héroult's process seemed suitable. In 1887 they established the Société Metallurgique Suisse to test Héroult's process. Héroult became Technical Director and went to the USA to defend his patents against those of Hall. During his absence the Schaffhausen trials were successfully completed, and on 18 November 1888 the Société Metallurgique combined with the German AEG group, Oerlikon and Escher Wyss, to establish the Aluminium Industrie Aktiengesellschaft Neuhausen. In the early electrolytic baths it was occasionally found that arcs between the bath surface and electrode could develop if the electrodes were inadvertently raised. From this observation, Héroult and M.Killiani developed the electric arc furnace. In this, arcs were intentionally formed between the surface of the charge and several electrodes, each connected to a different pole of the AC supply. This furnace, the prototype of the modern electric steel furnace, was first used for the direct reduction of iron ore at La Praz in 1903. This work was undertaken for the Canadian Government, for whom Héroult subsequently designed a 5,000-amp single-phase furnace which was installed and tested at Sault-Sainte-Marie in Ontario and successfully used for smelting magnetite ore.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Aluminium Industrie Aktiengesellschaft Neuhausen, 1938, The History of the Aluminium-Industrie-Aktien-Gesellschaft Neuhausen 1888–1938, 2 vols, Neuhausen.
    C.J.Gignoux, Histoire d'une entreprise française. "The Hall-Héroult affair", 1961, Metal Bulletin (14 April):1–4.
    ASD

    Biographical history of technology > Héroult, Paul Louis Toussaint

  • 13 Bentham, Sir Samuel

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 11 January 1757 England
    d. 31 May 1831 London, England
    [br]
    English naval architect and engineer.
    [br]
    He was the son of Jeremiah Bentham, a lawyer. His mother died when he was an infant and his early education was at Westminster. At the age of 14 he was apprenticed to a master shipwright at Woolwich and later at Chatham Dockyard, where he made some small improvements in the fittings of ships. In 1778 he completed his apprenticeship and sailed on the Bienfaisant on a summer cruise of the Channel Fleet where he suggested and supervised several improvements to the steering gear and gun fittings.
    Unable to find suitable employment at home, he sailed for Russia to study naval architecture and shipbuilding, arriving at St Petersburg in 1780, whence he travelled throughout Russia as far as the frontier of China, examining mines and methods of working metals. He settled in Kritchev in 1782 and there established a small shipyard with a motley work-force. In 1784 he was appointed to command a battalion. He set up a yard on the "Panopticon" principle, with all workshops radiating from his own central office. He increased the armament of his ships greatly by strengthening the hulls and fitting guns without recoil, which resulted in a great victory over the Turks at Liman in 1788. For this he was awarded the Cross of St George and promoted to Brigadier- General. Soon after, he was appointed to a command in Siberia, where he was responsible for opening up the resources of the country greatly by developing river navigation.
    In 1791 he returned to England, where he was at first involved in the development of the Panopticon for his brother as well as with several other patents. In 1795 he was asked to look into the mechanization of the naval dockyards, and for the next eighteen years he was involved in improving methods of naval construction and machinery. He was responsible for the invention of the steam dredger, the caisson method of enclosing the entrances to docks, and the development of non-recoil cannonades of large calibre.
    His intervention in the maladministration of the naval dockyards resulted in an enquiry that brought about the clearing-away of much corruption, making him very unpopular. As a result he was sent to St Petersburg to arrange for the building of a number of ships for the British navy, in which the Russians had no intention of co-operating. On his return to England after two years he was told that his office of Inspector-General of Navy Works had been abolished and he was appointed to the Navy Board; he had several disagreements with John Rennie and in 1812 was told that this office, too, had been abolished. He went to live in France, where he stayed for thirteen years, returning in 1827 to arrange for the publication of some of his papers.
    There is some doubt about his use of his title: there is no record of his having received a knighthood in England, but it was assumed that he was authorized to use the title, granted to him in Russia, after his presentation to the Tsar in 1809.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Mary Sophia Bentham, Life of Brigadier-General Sir Samuel Bentham, K.S.G., Formerly Inspector of Naval Works (written by his wife, who died before completing it; completed by their daughter).
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Bentham, Sir Samuel

  • 14 Gestetner, David

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. March 1854 Csorna, Hungary
    d. 8 March 1939 Nice, France
    [br]
    Hungarian/British pioneer of stencil duplicating.
    [br]
    For the first twenty-five years of his life, Gestetner was a rolling stone and accordingly gathered no moss. Leaving school in 1867, he began working for an uncle in Sopron, making sausages. Four years later he apprenticed himself to another uncle, a stockbroker, in Vienna. The financial crisis of 1873 prompted a move to a restaurant, also in the family, but tiring of a menial existence, he emigrated to the USA, travelling steerage. He began to earn a living by selling Japanese kites: these were made of strong Japanese paper coated with lacquer, and he noted their long fibres and great strength, an observation that was later to prove useful when he was searching for a suitable medium for stencil duplicating. However, he did not prosper in the USA and he returned to Europe, first to Vienna and finally to London in 1879. He took a job with Fairholme \& Co., stationers in Shoe Lane, off Holborn; at last Gestetner found an outlet for his inventive genius and he began his life's work in developing stencil duplicating. His first patent was in 1879 for an application of the hectograph, an early method of duplicating documents. In 1881, he patented the toothed-wheel pen, or Cyclostyle, which made good ink-passing perforations in the stencil paper, with which he was able to pioneer the first practicable form of stencil duplicating. He then adopted a better stencil tissue of Japanese paper coated with wax, and later an improved form of pen. This assured the success of Gestetner's form of stencil duplicating and it became established practice in offices in the late 1880s. Gestetner began to manufacture the apparatus in premises in Sun Street, at first under the name of Fairholme, since they had defrayed the patent expenses and otherwise supported him financially, in return for which Gestetner assigned them his patent rights. In 1882 he patented the wheel pen in the USA and appointed an agent to sell the equipment there. In 1884 he moved to larger premises, and three years later to still larger premises. The introduction of the typewriter prompted modifications that enabled stencil duplicating to become both the standard means of printing short runs of copy and an essential piece of equipment in offices. Before the First World War, Gestetner's products were being sold around the world; in fact he created one of the first truly international distribution networks. He finally moved to a large factory to the north-east of London: when his company went public in 1929, it had a share capital of nearly £750,000. It was only with the development of electrostatic photocopying and small office offset litho machines that stencil duplicating began to decline in the 1960s. The firm David Gestetner had founded adapted to the new conditions and prospers still, under the direction of his grandson and namesake.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    W.B.Proudfoot, 1972, The Origin of Stencil Duplicating London: Hutchinson (gives a good account of the method and the development of the Gestetner process, together with some details of his life).
    H.V.Culpan, 1951, "The House of Gestetner", in Gestetner 70th Anniversary Celebration Brochure, London: Gestetner.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Gestetner, David

  • 15 вырубка и сжигание леса как метод увеличения сельскохозяйственных площадей

    1. Roden und Verbrennen

     

    вырубка и сжигание леса как метод увеличения сельскохозяйственных площадей
    —
    [ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    EN

    slash and burn culture
    A traditional farming system that has been used by generations of farmers in tropical forests and the savannah of north and east Africa. It is known to be an ecologically sound form of cultivation, and because the soil is poor in tropical rain forests it is a sustainable method of farming. It is still practised today, primarily in the developing countries. Small areas of bush or forests are cleared and the smaller trees burned. This unlocks the nutrients in the vegetation and gives the soil fertilizer that is easily taken up by plants. A few years later the soil is degraded and the farmer moves on to do the same at another site. The original ground is left fallow for anything up to 20 years so that the forest can regenerate. With the growth in population and in the subsequent need for more farming land to produce food, the method is increasingly being used today to clear large areas of tropical forests for cattle ranching, and in most cases the ground is not left fallow for long enough and, with modern mechanized farming systems, not enough tree stumps or suitable habitats for plant life are left to start the regeneration process. (Source: WRIGHT)
    [http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

    Русско-немецкий словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > вырубка и сжигание леса как метод увеличения сельскохозяйственных площадей

  • 16 culture sur brűlis

    1. вырубка и сжигание леса как метод увеличения сельскохозяйственных площадей

     

    вырубка и сжигание леса как метод увеличения сельскохозяйственных площадей
    —
    [ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    EN

    slash and burn culture
    A traditional farming system that has been used by generations of farmers in tropical forests and the savannah of north and east Africa. It is known to be an ecologically sound form of cultivation, and because the soil is poor in tropical rain forests it is a sustainable method of farming. It is still practised today, primarily in the developing countries. Small areas of bush or forests are cleared and the smaller trees burned. This unlocks the nutrients in the vegetation and gives the soil fertilizer that is easily taken up by plants. A few years later the soil is degraded and the farmer moves on to do the same at another site. The original ground is left fallow for anything up to 20 years so that the forest can regenerate. With the growth in population and in the subsequent need for more farming land to produce food, the method is increasingly being used today to clear large areas of tropical forests for cattle ranching, and in most cases the ground is not left fallow for long enough and, with modern mechanized farming systems, not enough tree stumps or suitable habitats for plant life are left to start the regeneration process. (Source: WRIGHT)
    [http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

    Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > culture sur brűlis

  • 17 Roden und Verbrennen

    1. вырубка и сжигание леса как метод увеличения сельскохозяйственных площадей

     

    вырубка и сжигание леса как метод увеличения сельскохозяйственных площадей
    —
    [ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    EN

    slash and burn culture
    A traditional farming system that has been used by generations of farmers in tropical forests and the savannah of north and east Africa. It is known to be an ecologically sound form of cultivation, and because the soil is poor in tropical rain forests it is a sustainable method of farming. It is still practised today, primarily in the developing countries. Small areas of bush or forests are cleared and the smaller trees burned. This unlocks the nutrients in the vegetation and gives the soil fertilizer that is easily taken up by plants. A few years later the soil is degraded and the farmer moves on to do the same at another site. The original ground is left fallow for anything up to 20 years so that the forest can regenerate. With the growth in population and in the subsequent need for more farming land to produce food, the method is increasingly being used today to clear large areas of tropical forests for cattle ranching, and in most cases the ground is not left fallow for long enough and, with modern mechanized farming systems, not enough tree stumps or suitable habitats for plant life are left to start the regeneration process. (Source: WRIGHT)
    [http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

    Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Roden und Verbrennen

  • 18 вырубка и сжигание леса как метод увеличения сельскохозяйственных площадей

    1. slash and burn culture

     

    вырубка и сжигание леса как метод увеличения сельскохозяйственных площадей
    —
    [ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    EN

    slash and burn culture
    A traditional farming system that has been used by generations of farmers in tropical forests and the savannah of north and east Africa. It is known to be an ecologically sound form of cultivation, and because the soil is poor in tropical rain forests it is a sustainable method of farming. It is still practised today, primarily in the developing countries. Small areas of bush or forests are cleared and the smaller trees burned. This unlocks the nutrients in the vegetation and gives the soil fertilizer that is easily taken up by plants. A few years later the soil is degraded and the farmer moves on to do the same at another site. The original ground is left fallow for anything up to 20 years so that the forest can regenerate. With the growth in population and in the subsequent need for more farming land to produce food, the method is increasingly being used today to clear large areas of tropical forests for cattle ranching, and in most cases the ground is not left fallow for long enough and, with modern mechanized farming systems, not enough tree stumps or suitable habitats for plant life are left to start the regeneration process. (Source: WRIGHT)
    [http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > вырубка и сжигание леса как метод увеличения сельскохозяйственных площадей

  • 19 вырубка и сжигание леса как метод увеличения сельскохозяйственных площадей

    1. culture sur brűlis

     

    вырубка и сжигание леса как метод увеличения сельскохозяйственных площадей
    —
    [ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    EN

    slash and burn culture
    A traditional farming system that has been used by generations of farmers in tropical forests and the savannah of north and east Africa. It is known to be an ecologically sound form of cultivation, and because the soil is poor in tropical rain forests it is a sustainable method of farming. It is still practised today, primarily in the developing countries. Small areas of bush or forests are cleared and the smaller trees burned. This unlocks the nutrients in the vegetation and gives the soil fertilizer that is easily taken up by plants. A few years later the soil is degraded and the farmer moves on to do the same at another site. The original ground is left fallow for anything up to 20 years so that the forest can regenerate. With the growth in population and in the subsequent need for more farming land to produce food, the method is increasingly being used today to clear large areas of tropical forests for cattle ranching, and in most cases the ground is not left fallow for long enough and, with modern mechanized farming systems, not enough tree stumps or suitable habitats for plant life are left to start the regeneration process. (Source: WRIGHT)
    [http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

    Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > вырубка и сжигание леса как метод увеличения сельскохозяйственных площадей

  • 20 slash and burn culture

    1. вырубка и сжигание леса как метод увеличения сельскохозяйственных площадей

     

    вырубка и сжигание леса как метод увеличения сельскохозяйственных площадей
    —
    [ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    EN

    slash and burn culture
    A traditional farming system that has been used by generations of farmers in tropical forests and the savannah of north and east Africa. It is known to be an ecologically sound form of cultivation, and because the soil is poor in tropical rain forests it is a sustainable method of farming. It is still practised today, primarily in the developing countries. Small areas of bush or forests are cleared and the smaller trees burned. This unlocks the nutrients in the vegetation and gives the soil fertilizer that is easily taken up by plants. A few years later the soil is degraded and the farmer moves on to do the same at another site. The original ground is left fallow for anything up to 20 years so that the forest can regenerate. With the growth in population and in the subsequent need for more farming land to produce food, the method is increasingly being used today to clear large areas of tropical forests for cattle ranching, and in most cases the ground is not left fallow for long enough and, with modern mechanized farming systems, not enough tree stumps or suitable habitats for plant life are left to start the regeneration process. (Source: WRIGHT)
    [http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > slash and burn culture

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